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The Generalized Asymmetric Holland Model
<!-- markdown file for GAHM on ADCIRCWIKI-->
The Generalized Asymmetric Holland Model (GAHM) is a parametric hurricane vortex model developed in ADCIRC for operational forecasting purpose. Based on the classic Holland Model, the GAHM removes the assumption of cyclostrophic balance at the radius of maximum wind, and allows for a better representation of a wide range of hurricanes. Another important feature of the GAHM is the introduction of a composite wind method, which when activated enables the usage of multiple storm isotaches in reconstructing the spatial pressure and wind fields, while only one isotach is used in the HM.


# markdown file for GAHM on ADCIRCWIKI
<!--  *********************  chapter  1 ******************* -->
GAHM Introduction
Content
== The Classic Holland Model ==
== The Classic Holland Model ==
The Holland Model (HM, 1980) is an analytic model that describes the radial pressure and wind profiles of a standard hurricane. To begin with, Holland found that the normalized pressure profiles of a number of hurricanes resemble a family of rectangular hyperbolas and may be approximated by a hyperbolic equation, which after antilogarithms and rearranging yields the radial pressure equation:
<math> P(r) = P_c + (P_n - P_c)e^{-A/r^B} \quad </math> (1)
where <math> P_c </math> is the central pressure, <math> P_c </math> is the ambient pressure (theoretically at infinite radius), <math> P(r) </math> is the pressure at radius <math> r </math> from the center of the hurricane, and <math> A </math> and <math> B </math> are shape parameters that may be empirically estimated from observations in a hurricane.
Substituting (1) into the gradient wind equation, which describes a steady flow balanced by the horizontal pressure gradient force, the centripetal acceleration, and the Coriolis acceleration for a vortex above the influence of the planetary boundary layer where the atmospheric flow decouples from surface friction (Powell et al. 2009), gives the radial wind equation of a hurricane:
<math> V_g(r) = \sqrt{AB(P_n - P_c)e^{-A/r^B}/\rho r^B + (\frac{rf}{2})^2} - \frac{rf}{2} \quad </math> (2)
where <math> V_g(r) </math> is the gradient wind at radius <math> r </math>, <math> \rho </math> is the density of air, <math> f </math> is the Coriolis parameter. In the region of the maximum winds, if we assume that the Coriolis force is negligible in comparison to the pressure gradient and centripetal force, then the air is in cyclostrophic balance. By removing the Coriolis term in (2) we get the cyclostrophic wind
<math> V_c(r) = \sqrt{AB(P_n - P_c)e^{-A/r^B}/\rho r^B} \quad </math> (3)
By setting <math> dV_c/dr = 0 </math> at radius to the maximum wind <math> r = R_{max} </math>, it is obtained that
<math> A = (R_{max})^B \quad </math> (4)
Thus the (<math> R_{max} </math>) is irrelevant to the relative value of ambient and central pressures, and is solely defined by the shape parameters <math> A </math> and <math> B </math>.  Substituting (4) back into (3) to get rid of <math> A </math>, we get an estimate of <math> B </math> as a function of the maximum wind speed
<math> B = (V_{max})^2\rho e/(P_n - P_c) \quad </math> (5)
It was notable that the maximum wind speed is proportional to the square root of <math> B </math> and irrespective of the (<math> RMW </math>), given a constant pressure drop. It was also reasoned by Holland that a plausible range of <math> B </math> would be between 1 and 2.5 for realistic hurricanes. Substituting (4) and (5) back into (1) and (2) yields the final radial pressure and wind profiles for the HM
<math> P(r) = P_c + (P_n - P_c)e^{-(R_{max}/r)^B} \quad </math> (6)
<math> V_g(r) = \sqrt{(V_{max})^2e^{1-(R_{max}/r)^B}(R_{max}/r)^B + (\frac{rf}{2})^2} - \frac{rf}{2} \quad </math> (7)
The HM was implemented in the ADICRC as a wind module with NWS = 19. When sparse observations of a hurricane are given, estimates of the <math> R_{max} </math> and shape parameter <math> B </math> may be estimated by fitting data into the radial wind equation, which in turn allow us to compute <math> P(r) </math> and <math> V_g(r) </math> along the radius <math> r </math> of the hurricane. However, discrepancies between wind observations and computed winds were sometimes found, and were negatively correlated to the Rossby number at <math> r = R_{max} </math>, defined as
<math> R_0 = \frac{Nonlinear Acceleration}{Coriolis force} ~ \frac{V_{max}^2/R_{max}}{V_{max}f} = \frac{V_{max}}{R_{max}f} \quad </math> (8)
By definition, a large <math> R_0 (\approx 10^3) </math> describes a system in cyclostrophic balance that is dominated by the inertial and centrifugal force with negligible Coriolis force, such as a tornado or the inner core of an intense hurricane, whereas a small value <math> (\approx 10^{-2} \sim 10^2) </math> signifies a system in geostrophic balance where the Coriolis force plays an important role, such as the outer region of a hurricane. As a result, the assumption of cyclostrophic balance at <math> R_{max} </math> made in HM is mostly valid for describing an intense and narrow (small <math> R_{max} </math>) hurricane with a large <math> R_0 </math>, but not applicable for a weak and broad hurricane with a small <math> R_0 </math>. This intrinsic problem with the HM calls our intention to develop a generalized model that will work consistently for a wide range of hurricanes, which theoretically can be accomplished by removing the above cyclostrophic balance assumption and re-derive the radial pressure and wind equations (6)&(7). 
<!--  *********************  chapter  2 ******************* -->
== Derivation of the GAHM ==
== Derivation of the GAHM ==
== Azimuthally-Varying RMW ==
== A Linearly-weighted Composite Wind Method ==
== Case Studies ==
=== Single-Isotach Approach ===
=== Multiple-Isotach Approach ===


The gradient wind Equation describes a steady flow balanced by the horizontal pressure gradient force, the centripetal acceleration, and the Coriolis acceleration:
The GAHM also starts with the same radial pressure and wind equations (1)&(2) with shape parameters <math> A </math> and <math> B </math> as in the HM. Without assuming cyclostrophic balance at <math> R_{max} </math>), we take <math> dV_g/dr = 0 </math> at <math> r = R_{max} </math> to get the adjusted shape parameter <math> B_g </math> as
 
<math> B_g = \frac{(V_{max}^2 + V_{max}R_{max}f)\rho e^\phi}{\phi(P_n - P_c)} = B \frac{(1+1/R_0)e^{\phi - 1}}{\phi} \quad </math> (9) 
 
where <math> {\phi} </math> is a scaling parameter introduced to simplify the derivation process, defined as
 
<math> \phi = \frac{A}{R_{max}^B} \quad </math> or  <math> A = \phi R_{max}^B \quad </math> (10)


<math> \frac{\nu^2}{r} + f\nu - \frac{1}{\rho_0}\dfrac{\partial p}{\partial r} = 0 \quad</math> (1)
and later derived as


<math> P(r) = P_c + (P_n - P_c)e^{-A/r^B} \quad </math> (2)
<math> \phi = 1 + \frac{V_{max}R_{max}f}{B_g(V_{max}^2+V_{max}R_{max}f)} = 1 + \frac{1/R_0}{B_g(1+1/R_0)} \quad </math> (11)


<math> V_g(r) = \sqrt{AB(P_n - P_c)e^{-A/r^B}/\rho r^B + (\frac{rf}{2})^2} - \frac{rf}{2} \quad </math> (3)
Thus, the <math> R_{max} </math> in the GAHM is not entirely defined by the shape parameters <math> A </math> and <math> B </math> as in the HM, but also by the scaling factor <math> {\phi} </math>, as Equation (11) indicates that <math> {\phi} \ge 1 </math>. Numerical solutions for <math> B_g </math> and <math> {\phi} </math> can be solved iteratively in the model using Equation (9)&(11). Figure 1 illustrates how <math> B_g/B </math> and <math> \phi </math> vary with <math> \log_{10}R_0 </math> given different <math> B </math> values. It is evident that values of both <math> B_g/B </math> and <math> \phi </math> remain close to 1 when <math> \log_{10}R_0 </math> is within the range of [1,2], but increase noticeably as <math> \log_{10}R_0 </math> decreases below 1, and the smaller the value of <math> B </math>, the bigger the changes.


<math> V_c(r) = \sqrt{AB(P_n - P_c)e^{-A/r^B}/\rho r^B} \quad </math> (4)
Substituting (9)&(11) back into (1)&(2) yields the final radial pressure and wind equations for the GAHM


<math> A = (R_{max})^B \quad </math>
<math> P(r) = P_c + (P_n - P_c)e^{-\phi(R_{max}/r)^B_g} \quad </math> (12)


<math> B = (V_{max})^2\rho e/(P_n - P_c) \quad </math>
<math> V_g(r) = \sqrt{V_{max}^2(1+1/R_0)e^{1-(R_{max}/r)^B_g}(R_{max}/r)^B_g + (\frac{rf}{2})^2} - \frac{rf}{2} \quad </math> (13)


<math> P(r) = P_c + (P_n - P_c)e^{-(R_{max}/r)^B} \quad </math>


<math> V_g(r) = \sqrt{(V_{max})^2e^{1-(R_{max}/r)^B}(R_{max}/r)^B + (\frac{rf}{2})^2} - \frac{rf}{2} \quad </math>


<math> R_0 = frac{V_{max}}{R_{max}f} \quad </math>


<math> B_g = (V_{max}^2 + V_{max}R{max}f)\rho e^\psi/\psi(P_n - P_c) = B \frac{(1+1/R_0)e^{\psi - 1}}{\psi} \quad </math>
<!--  *********************  chapter  3 ******************* -->
== Azimuthally-Varying RMW ==


<math> \quad </math>


<math> \quad </math>


<math> \quad </math>


<math> \quad </math>


<math> \quad </math>
<!--  *********************  chapter  4 ******************* -->


<math> \quad </math>
== A Linearly-weighted Composite Wind Method ==


<math> \quad </math>


<math> </math>


The Holland Model (1980) is an analytic model that depicts the radial wind and pressure profiles of a hurricane. Starts




<math> </math>
<!--  *********************  chapter  5 ******************* -->
<math> \cos a </math>
== Case Studies ==
=== Single-Isotach Approach ===
=== Multiple-Isotach Approach ===

Revision as of 22:58, 2 April 2020

The Generalized Asymmetric Holland Model (GAHM) is a parametric hurricane vortex model developed in ADCIRC for operational forecasting purpose. Based on the classic Holland Model, the GAHM removes the assumption of cyclostrophic balance at the radius of maximum wind, and allows for a better representation of a wide range of hurricanes. Another important feature of the GAHM is the introduction of a composite wind method, which when activated enables the usage of multiple storm isotaches in reconstructing the spatial pressure and wind fields, while only one isotach is used in the HM.

The Classic Holland Model

The Holland Model (HM, 1980) is an analytic model that describes the radial pressure and wind profiles of a standard hurricane. To begin with, Holland found that the normalized pressure profiles of a number of hurricanes resemble a family of rectangular hyperbolas and may be approximated by a hyperbolic equation, which after antilogarithms and rearranging yields the radial pressure equation:

(1)

where is the central pressure, is the ambient pressure (theoretically at infinite radius), is the pressure at radius from the center of the hurricane, and and are shape parameters that may be empirically estimated from observations in a hurricane.

Substituting (1) into the gradient wind equation, which describes a steady flow balanced by the horizontal pressure gradient force, the centripetal acceleration, and the Coriolis acceleration for a vortex above the influence of the planetary boundary layer where the atmospheric flow decouples from surface friction (Powell et al. 2009), gives the radial wind equation of a hurricane:

(2)

where is the gradient wind at radius , is the density of air, is the Coriolis parameter. In the region of the maximum winds, if we assume that the Coriolis force is negligible in comparison to the pressure gradient and centripetal force, then the air is in cyclostrophic balance. By removing the Coriolis term in (2) we get the cyclostrophic wind

(3)

By setting at radius to the maximum wind , it is obtained that

(4)

Thus the () is irrelevant to the relative value of ambient and central pressures, and is solely defined by the shape parameters and . Substituting (4) back into (3) to get rid of , we get an estimate of as a function of the maximum wind speed

(5)

It was notable that the maximum wind speed is proportional to the square root of and irrespective of the (), given a constant pressure drop. It was also reasoned by Holland that a plausible range of would be between 1 and 2.5 for realistic hurricanes. Substituting (4) and (5) back into (1) and (2) yields the final radial pressure and wind profiles for the HM

(6)

(7)

The HM was implemented in the ADICRC as a wind module with NWS = 19. When sparse observations of a hurricane are given, estimates of the and shape parameter may be estimated by fitting data into the radial wind equation, which in turn allow us to compute and along the radius of the hurricane. However, discrepancies between wind observations and computed winds were sometimes found, and were negatively correlated to the Rossby number at , defined as

(8)

By definition, a large describes a system in cyclostrophic balance that is dominated by the inertial and centrifugal force with negligible Coriolis force, such as a tornado or the inner core of an intense hurricane, whereas a small value signifies a system in geostrophic balance where the Coriolis force plays an important role, such as the outer region of a hurricane. As a result, the assumption of cyclostrophic balance at made in HM is mostly valid for describing an intense and narrow (small ) hurricane with a large , but not applicable for a weak and broad hurricane with a small . This intrinsic problem with the HM calls our intention to develop a generalized model that will work consistently for a wide range of hurricanes, which theoretically can be accomplished by removing the above cyclostrophic balance assumption and re-derive the radial pressure and wind equations (6)&(7).

Derivation of the GAHM

The GAHM also starts with the same radial pressure and wind equations (1)&(2) with shape parameters and as in the HM. Without assuming cyclostrophic balance at ), we take at to get the adjusted shape parameter as

(9)

where is a scaling parameter introduced to simplify the derivation process, defined as

or (10)

and later derived as

(11)

Thus, the in the GAHM is not entirely defined by the shape parameters and as in the HM, but also by the scaling factor , as Equation (11) indicates that . Numerical solutions for and can be solved iteratively in the model using Equation (9)&(11). Figure 1 illustrates how and vary with given different values. It is evident that values of both and remain close to 1 when is within the range of [1,2], but increase noticeably as decreases below 1, and the smaller the value of , the bigger the changes.

Substituting (9)&(11) back into (1)&(2) yields the final radial pressure and wind equations for the GAHM

(12)

(13)



Azimuthally-Varying RMW

A Linearly-weighted Composite Wind Method

Case Studies

Single-Isotach Approach

Multiple-Isotach Approach