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Wind Stress: Difference between revisions

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(Created page with "When wind blows over the open water, it exerts a shear stress at the water surface that transfers horizontal momentum vertically downward across the air–sea interface, drivi...")
 
(Added basics of overland/over-water, wind heights, and wind averaging times.)
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When wind blows over the open water, it exerts a shear stress at the water surface that transfers horizontal momentum vertically downward across the air–sea interface, driving the upper-ocean circulation, non-tidal sea surface elevation fluctuation, and formation of the surface wind waves. Thus, an accurate estimate of the surface wind stress is crucial to atmospheric, storm surge, and wave modeling.
When wind blows over the water, it exerts a shear stress at the water surface that transfers horizontal momentum vertically downward across the air–sea interface, driving circulation. In ADCIRC, wind stress is an input forcing term, with several different formats provided. See the <code>[[NWS]]</code> parameter for available formats. In most cases, the exact wind stress to be applied to the model is not provided, therefore ADCIRC must determine how to convert a given wind speed to the actual stress applied at the ocean surface. This page covers the various aspects of this process, as well as the options available to the user. 
 
== Definition of Winds ==
The characteristics of wind forcing are often broken down in three ways:
# Whether the winds are considered to be over-water (termed "marine exposure") or over-land
# The elevation above the sea (or ground) surface of the winds
# The time-averaging (if any) that has been applied
 
ADCIRC generally expects 10-meter, 10-minute winds at their actual exposure, although the exact expectations vary depending on the input type. For instance, when Holland-type wind inputs are provided (e.g. <code>NWS=8</code> or <code>NWS=20</code>), the wind speed is expected to be the '''1-minute [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_sustained_wind maximum sustained wind]''' at 10 meters elevation. If marine-exposure winds are provided, then [[Fort.13_file#Surface_Roughness|surface roughness]] reductions may be needed
<ref>Simiu, E., Scanlan, R.H., 1996. Wind effects on structures: fundamentals and applications to design, 3rd ed. ed. John Wiley, New York.</ref>
<ref>Simiu, E., Yeo, D., 2018. Wind effects on structures: modern structural design for wind, Fourth edition. ed. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.</ref>
. If winds are provided with a different averaging time, then an appropriate correction may be needed, though winds with averaging times of 10 to 60 minutes are generally considered to be quite similar; this is the so-called mesoscale gap. For recommendations on wind time-scale conversions not handled internally by ADCIRC, for tropical cyclones, see the WMO guidelines of Harper et al.
<ref name="wmotcaveraging">Harper, B., Kepert, J., Ginger, J., 2010. Guidelines for converting between various wind averaging periods in tropical cyclone conditions (No. WMO/TD-No. 1555). WMO, Geneva, Switzerland.</ref>
.  
 
==References==
<references />

Revision as of 12:31, 11 May 2020

When wind blows over the water, it exerts a shear stress at the water surface that transfers horizontal momentum vertically downward across the air–sea interface, driving circulation. In ADCIRC, wind stress is an input forcing term, with several different formats provided. See the NWS parameter for available formats. In most cases, the exact wind stress to be applied to the model is not provided, therefore ADCIRC must determine how to convert a given wind speed to the actual stress applied at the ocean surface. This page covers the various aspects of this process, as well as the options available to the user.

Definition of Winds

The characteristics of wind forcing are often broken down in three ways:

  1. Whether the winds are considered to be over-water (termed "marine exposure") or over-land
  2. The elevation above the sea (or ground) surface of the winds
  3. The time-averaging (if any) that has been applied

ADCIRC generally expects 10-meter, 10-minute winds at their actual exposure, although the exact expectations vary depending on the input type. For instance, when Holland-type wind inputs are provided (e.g. NWS=8 or NWS=20), the wind speed is expected to be the 1-minute maximum sustained wind at 10 meters elevation. If marine-exposure winds are provided, then surface roughness reductions may be needed [1] [2] . If winds are provided with a different averaging time, then an appropriate correction may be needed, though winds with averaging times of 10 to 60 minutes are generally considered to be quite similar; this is the so-called mesoscale gap. For recommendations on wind time-scale conversions not handled internally by ADCIRC, for tropical cyclones, see the WMO guidelines of Harper et al. [3] .

References

  1. Simiu, E., Scanlan, R.H., 1996. Wind effects on structures: fundamentals and applications to design, 3rd ed. ed. John Wiley, New York.
  2. Simiu, E., Yeo, D., 2018. Wind effects on structures: modern structural design for wind, Fourth edition. ed. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
  3. Harper, B., Kepert, J., Ginger, J., 2010. Guidelines for converting between various wind averaging periods in tropical cyclone conditions (No. WMO/TD-No. 1555). WMO, Geneva, Switzerland.